Transfer of citizenship from Mother to Child in the legal System of Iran and the Islamic Countries of the Persian Gulf

Alekajbaf, Hossein

doi:10.22034/lcs.2024.2046960.1061

Transfer of citizenship from Mother to Child in the legal System of Iran and the Islamic Countries of the Persian Gulf

Document Type : Original Article

Author

Hossein Alekajbaf

Associate Professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

10.22034/lcs.2024.2046960.1061

Abstract

One of the major challenges of recent decades for the international community, especially Muslim countries, is discrimination in the transfer of nationality from mother to child born of a foreign father. The findings of the study show that in almost all the countries studied, the transfer of nationality is based on the principle of blood and the transmission of nationality to children is possible only through the father, and mothers who marry foreign men are unable to transfer the nationality of their country to their children. The lack of equality of parents and gender discrimination in the transfer of nationality to children is contrary to international human rights documents, and the transfer of nationality from mother to child does not conflict with Islamic rulings. Given that the failure to transfer nationality from mother to child causes problems such as the lack of birth certificates and identity documents and the lack of rights that are specific to citizens of a country and sometimes they will face statelessness, it is necessary for the governments studied to take an important step in amending their laws and ensuring equality between women and men in the transfer of nationality, like other developed countries. Therefore, this article seeks to examine the transfer of nationality from mother to child in the legal system of Iran and the Islamic countries of the Persian Gulf and then presents suggestions for reforming the laws of nationality in the countries. In this article, a descriptive-analytical research method with a legal-social approach is used, and in addition, the information collection is based on library and internet sources.

Keywords

Transfer of nationality

Persian Gulf

children

Islamic countries

mother and the Iranian legal system

Subjects

الف) منابع فارسی

آل کجباف، حسین(1393). تابعیت در ایران و سایر کشورها ، تهران: انتشارات جنگل .

آل کجباف، حسین (1401). بایسته های حقوق بین الملل خصوصی، ج 1، چ 20، تهران: انتشارات جنگل.

بلدسو رابرت ، و بوسچک )1375). فرهنگ حقوق بین‌الملل. ترجمه بهمن آقایی، تهران: گنج دانش.

خلیلیان، سیدخلیل (1372). حقوق بین‌الملل اسلامی، تهران: دفتر نشر فرهنگ اسلامی.

دانش‌پژوه مصطفی (1381). اسلام و حقوق بین‌الملل خصوصی، تهران: مرکز چاپ و انتشارات وزارت خارجه،.

صفائی سید حسین و اسدالله امامی (1402). مختصر حقوق خانواده، چ 60، تهران: انتشارات میزان.

طاهری نیا، علی باقر و محمد ستایش پور، (1402)، "تحصیــل تابعیــت فرزنــد از طریــق مــادر: مطالعه تطبیقی مقررات حقوقی کشورهای عربی اسلامی"، فصلنامه مطالعات تطبیقی حقوق کشورهای اسلامی، دوره 1 شماره 3، 1-16.

عزیزی، ستار و بیژن حاجی عزیزی،(1399). تابعیت در حقوق ایران و بین الملل، انتشارات: دانشگاه بوعلی سینا.

کاتوزیان ناصر ، (1402). دوره حقوق مدنی: حقوق خانواده، ج 1، چ 7، تهران: انتشارات گنج دانش.

نصیری، محمد،(1403). حقوق بین الملل خصوصی، چ 51، تهران: انتشارات آگاه.

قوانین

قانون مدنی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.

قانون اساسی جمهوری اسلامی ایران.

قانون اعطای تابعیت به فرزندان حاصل از ازدواج زن ایرانی با مرد خارجی.

ب) منابع عربی

مسلم احمد،(1995)، القانون‌الدولی‌الخاص، قاهره: مکتبة النهضة المصریه.

ج) منابع انگلیسی

Al Nowais Shireena, “'This will change our lives': Emirati mothers rejoice as children granted citizenship”, 29 May 2019, The National, https://www.thenationalnews.com/uae/this-will-change-our-lives-emirati-mothers-rejoice-as-children-granted-citizenship-1.867176 (accessed 13 June 2022).

Abu-Ras, Wahiba. & et al. (2022). Gendered Citizenship, Inequality, and Well-Being: The Experience of Cross-National Families in Qatar during the Gulf Cooperation Council Crisis (2017–2021), International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19, 6638.

Al-Rasbi Talal and Ahmed Eltohami Anwar, (2024). Women’s Right to Transmit Nationality to their Children: Appraisal of the GCC States’ Obligations under CEDAW, International Journal of Religion, Vol: 5, pp. 2414 – 2421.

Alsabeehg Zeineb and Yoana Kuzmova (2022). Report on Citizenship Law: United Arab Emirates.

Baubock, Rainer & others (2006). Acquisition and Loss of Nationality: Country Analyses: Policies and Trends in 15 European Countries, Volume 2. Published by: Amsterdam University Press.

Beaugrand Claire, Torn (2015). Citizenship in Kuwait: Commodification versus Rights-Based Approaches, in Challenges to Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa, Middle East Centre.

Betsy L. Fisher, (2016), “Gender Discrimination and Statelessness in the Gulf Cooperation Council States”, Michigan Journal of Gender & Law, 23 (2).

Brownlie, Ian, (1998). Principles of Public International Law, 5^th ed. Oxford University Press.

Chandra Praksh, (1996). International law. Delhi: Vikas Pub.

Crawford, James, (2019). Brownlie,s Principles of Public International Law, 9^th ed. Oxford University Press.

Frauke Heard-Bey, (2004). From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates . Dubai: Motivate Publishing.

George Rachel, (2019), The Impact of International Human Rights Law Ratification on Local Discourses on Rights: the Case of CEDAW in Al-Anba Reporting in Kuwait, Human Rights Review (2020) 21:43–64.

Gray W.Kevin, , (2015). Gradations of Citizenship in the United Arab Emirates, in Challenges to Citizenship in the Middle East and North Africa Middle East Centre.

Padfield C. (1992) Law Made Simple, 8^th ed. Oxford: Oxford university press.

Parolin Gianluca, (2008) Citizenship in the Arab World: Kin, Religion and Nation-State, Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.

Salama Samir, (2012) “Number of children with unknown parentage increases in UAE”, Gulf News.

Issa, Wafa. (2011) ‘Children of Emirati Mothers, Expatriate Fathers Offered Citizenship’, National, Available at http://www.thenational.ae/news/uae-news/children-of-emirati-mothers-expatriate-fathers-offered-citizenship (accessed 16 oct. 2024).

https://equalitynow.org>Kuwaiti.

https://gulfmigration.grc.net/oman-omani-citizenship-law-repealed/

https://gulfnews.com/going-out/society/number-of-children-with-unknown-parentage-increases-in-uae.

https://nezamat.ir>post-44029.

https://www.ecdhr.org/gender-discrimination-in-qatars-nationality-laws/.

https://www.hrw.org/news/2023/02/15/qatar-submission-un-committee-rights-child.

https://www.refworld.org.

https://www.refworld.org/legal/legislation/natlegbod/2014/en/116187.

https://www.streetchildren.org/legal-atlas/map/kuwait/legal-identity/can-a-child-apply-for-citizenship/.

https://dotic.ir/news/13014.